Ding, ding, bang, yavunitse ikindi, kandi iki ni kimwe mu bikoresho bizwi cyane muri laboratwari yacu, ibikoresho by'ibirahuri. Uburyo bwo gusukura ibikoresho by'ibirahuri n'uburyo bwo kumisha.

Hari byinshi ugomba kwitaho mu gihe ukoresha, urabizi?

1. Uibikoresho bisanzwe by'ibirahuri

(I) Pipette

1. Urutonde: Pipette ifite mark imwe (yitwa pipette nini y'inda), pipette ifite quartered (ubwoko bw'ibisohoka bitarangiye, ubwoko bw'ibisohoka byose, ubwoko bw'ibisohoka)

1. Umuyoboro w'amanota imwe ukoreshwa mu gupima ingano runaka y'umuti neza. Umurambararo w'igice cy'umuyoboro w'amanota imwe ni muto kandi ukuri ni hejuru; Umuyoboro w'amanota ufite umurambararo munini kandi ukuri ni kubi gato. Kubwibyo, iyo upima ingano y'umuti, ingano ijyanye nayo ikunze gukoreshwa Umuyoboro w'amanota umwe aho gukoresha umuyoboro w'amanota.

1. Imikorere:

Gushyira amazi mu miyoboro: ku igerageza risaba ubuhanga buhanitse, hanagura amazi asigaye ku mutwe w'umuyoboro ukoresheje urupapuro rwo kuyungurura, hanyuma woze amazi imbere n'inyuma y'umuyoboro ukoresheje amazi ategereje inshuro eshatu kugira ngo urebe ko ingano y'umuti wakuweho idahinduka. Witondere ko umuti utazongera kugaragara kugira ngo wirinde ko umuti uvangwa n'amazi cyangwa ngo wanduze.

Mu gihe ushyira umuti ugomba kunyobwa, shyiramo umutwe w'umuyoboro munsi ya cm 1-2 munsi y'ubuso bw'amazi (umuti mwinshi cyane ufata ku rukuta rw'inyuma rw'umuyoboro; udakomeye cyane: urimo ubusa nyuma y'uko urugero rw'amazi rugabanutse).

Gusoma: Umurongo w'ishusho uri ku rwego rumwe n'agace ko hasi cyane ka meniscus y'igisubizo.

Kurekura: umutwe w'umuyoboro ukora imbere mu muyoboro ku buryo umuyoboro uhengamye kandi umuyoboro uhagaze neza.

Isigaranye ku rukuta: Mbere yuko umuyoboro uvanwa mu gikoresho cyakira, tegereza amasegonda atatu kugira ngo urebe ko amazi asohoka neza.

(2) icupa ry'ingano

Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutegura umuti w’icyitegererezo nyacyo.

Mbere yo gukoresha amacupa y'ubushyuhe, reba niba ingano y'amacupa y'ubushyuhe ihuye n'ibisabwa; Amacupa y'ubushyuhe bw'umukara agomba gukoreshwa mu gutegura ibintu byoroshye bishobora gushonga. Niba agacupa gasya cyangwa agacupa ka pulasitiki kavamo amazi.

1. Ikizamini cyo gusohora amazi: shyira amazi yo mu robine ahantu hafi y'umurongo w'ikirango, funga cork neza, kanda agakoresho k'imbere ukoresheje urutoki, hagarika icupa urebe hasi iminota 2, hanyuma ukoreshe urupapuro rwumye rwo kuyungurura kugira ngo urebe niba hari amazi asohoka ku mwenge w'umunwa w'icupa. Niba nta mazi asohoka, zungurutsa cork kuri dogere 180 hanyuma uhagarare ku mutwe wayo indi minota 2 kugira ngo urebe.

2. Inyandiko:

Inkoni z'ikirahure zigomba gukoreshwa mu kwimura ibisubizo mu macupa y'amazi menshi;

Ntugafate icupa mu kiganza cyawe kugira ngo wirinde ko amazi akwirakwira;

Iyo ingano iri mu icupa ry'amazi igeze kuri 3/4, zunguza icupa ry'amazi inshuro nyinshi (ntuhindure inyuma), kugira ngo umuti uvange neza. Hanyuma shyira icupa ry'amazi ku meza hanyuma wongeremo amazi buhoro buhoro kugeza yegereye umurongo wa 1cm, utegereze iminota 1-2 kugira ngo umuti ugume ku rukuta rw'icupa. Shyiramo amazi ku gice cyo hasi kiri munsi y'urugero rw'amazi azunguruka hanyuma ufatanye n'ikimenyetso;

Umuti ushyushye ugomba gukonjeshwa kugeza ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba mbere yo guterwa mu icupa ry'amazi, bitabaye ibyo ikosa ry'amazi rishobora guterwa.

Icupa ry'amazi rishobora kugumana umuti igihe kirekire, cyane cyane icupa ryangiritse, rigatuma ikirahure gifatana kandi ntigishobore gufungura;

Iyo icupa ry'amazi rirangiye, rinyuhagire n'amazi.

Niba idakoreshejwe igihe kirekire, yoge hanyuma uyihanagureho hanyuma uyishyireho impapuro.

1.  Uburyo bwo gukaraba

Niba ubwoko bwose bw'ibirahuri bikoreshwa muri laboratwari isanzwe n'iya chimique ari byiza, akenshi bigira ingaruka ku bwizerwe no ku kuri kw'ibyavuye mu isesengura, bityo ni ngombwa cyane kugenzura ko ibirahuri bikoreshwa ari byiza.

Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo koza ibikoresho by'ibirahuri, bugomba gutoranywa hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu isuzuma, imiterere y'umwanda n'urwego rw'umwanda. Igikoresho gipima gikeneye gupima umuti neza, ntabwo byoroshye gukoresha uburoso mu gusukura, kuko uburoso bukoreshwa igihe kirekire, biroroshye kwambara urukuta rw'imbere rw'igikoresho gipima, kandi ibikoresho bigomba gupimwa ntabwo ari byo.

Igenzura ry'isuku y'ibikoresho by'ikirahure: urukuta rw'imbere rugomba kunyagirwa n'amazi yose nta masaro.

Uburyo bwo gusukura:

(1) Sukura amazi;

(2) Karaba n'isabune cyangwa isabune (ubu buryo ntibwakirwa mu igerageza rya chromatography cyangwa mass spectrometry, surfactants ntibyoroshye gusukura, ibyo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bisubizo by'igerageza);

(3) Koresha amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa chromium (20g ya potasiyumu dichromate ishongeshwa mu mazi ashyushye ya 40g, hanyuma garama 360 za aside hydrochloric nyinshi zikongerwamo buhoro buhoro): ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukura amavuta mu bintu bikomoka ku bimera, ariko irangiza cyane kandi ifite uburozi runaka. Itondere umutekano;

(4) Andi mavuta yo kwisiga;

Amavuta ya potaziyamu permanganate ya alkali: 4g ya potaziyamu permanganate ishongeshwa mu mazi, 10g ya potaziyamu hidroksidi iravangwa n'amazi kuri 100ml. Akoreshwa mu gusukura ibizinga by'amavuta cyangwa ibindi bintu by'umwimerere.

Amavuta yo kwisiga aside ya oxalic: 5-10g ya aside ya oxalic ishongeshwa mu mazi ya mililitiro 100, hanyuma hongerwamo aside ya hydrochloric yiganjemo make. Uyu muti ukoreshwa mu koza dioxyde ya manganese ikorwa nyuma yo gukaraba potaziyamu permanganate.

Iodini na potasiyumu iodini (1g ya iyodini na 2g ya iyodini ya potasiyumu bishongeshwa mu mazi bigashyirwamo amazi kugeza kuri 100ml): bikoreshwa mu koza umwanda w'umukara wijimye wa nitrate y'ifeza.

Umuti wo gusiga neza: aside hydrochloric cyangwa aside nitrique 1:1. Ukoreshwa mu gukuraho iyoni nke.

Lotion ya alkaline: 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Ingaruka zo gukuraho amavuta hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe ni nziza kurushaho.

Ibintu bisukura by’umwimerere (ether, ethanol, benzene, acetone): bikoreshwa mu gukaraba ibizinga by’amavuta cyangwa ibintu bisukura by’umwimerere bishongeshejwe muri ibyo bintu.

3. Drygukora

Ibikoresho by'ikirahure bigomba kumeswa no kubyutswa kugira ngo bikoreshwe nyuma ya buri kizamini. Ibizamini bitandukanye bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye ku gipimo cy'umuma w'ibikoresho by'ikirahure. Urugero, icupa rya mpandeshatu rikoreshwa mu gupima aside rishobora gukoreshwa nyuma yo gukaraba, mu gihe icupa rya mpandeshatu rikoreshwa mu gupima ibinure risaba kuyumisha. Igikoresho kigomba kuyumisha hakurikijwe ibisabwa bitandukanye.

(1) Gukamura umwuka: niba utabikeneye byihutirwa, bishobora kumyuka ukoresheje icyuma gifashe ku mutwe;

(2) Kumisha: Bishobora kumyuka mu ifuru ku bushyuhe bwa 105-120℃ (igikoresho cyo gupimisha ntigishobora kumyuka mu ifuru);

(3) Kumisha umwuka: umwuka ushyushye ushobora gukoreshwa mu kumisha vuba vuba (icyuma cyumisha ibikoresho by'ikirahure).

Birumvikana ko niba ushaka uburyo bwo gusukura no kumisha neza kandi bwizewe, ushobora kandi guhitamo imashini yo kumesa ikirahuri ya laboratwari yakozwe na XPZ. ​​Ntabwo ishobora gusa kwemeza ingaruka zo gusukura, ahubwo inagabanya igihe, imbaraga, amazi n'umurimo. Imashini yo kumesa ikirahuri ya laboratwari yakozwe na XPZ ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mpuzamahanga ryo gusukura. Ishobora kurangiza gusukura, kwica udukoko no kumisha hakoreshejwe akabuto kamwe, ikaguha ubunararibonye bushya bwo gukora neza, kwihuta no kurinda umutekano. Guhuza isuku no kumisha ntibituma gusa urwego n'ubushobozi bw'imashini ikora ku igerageza, ahubwo binagabanya cyane umwanda n'ibyangiritse mu gihe cy'akazi.